Spain: the root and the flower : an interpretation of Spain and the Spanish people

The land: the people.

The dark beginning.

The cross, the crescent, and the star.

The Christian kingdoms: cross and sword.

Life in the medieval towns.

The Spanish Renaissance.

The golden age: politics and the social order.

Belles-lettres in the golden age.

The fine arts

end of the golden age.

The Bourbons.

Main currents of Spanish thought (1870-1931)

The political and social backgrounds of the Second Republic.

The Spanish Republic (1931-1939)

Communism and fascism in Spain.

Valley of the fallen.

Franco's legacy: order and progress. The economic miracle: The tourist industry, The economy, Salaries, prices, inflation ; Problem areas: Agriculture, Labor, Emigration.

Spain today: the impossible dream a society in transition.