The mismeasure of man

Introduction to the revised and expanded edition : thoughts at age fifteen

The frame of The Mismeasure of man

Why revise The Mismeasure of man after fifteen years?

Reasons, history and revision of The Mismeasure of man

I. Introduction

2. American polygeny and craniometry before Darwin : Blacks and Indians as separate, inferior species

A shared context of culture

Preevolutionary styles of scientific racism : monogenism and polygenism

Louis Agassiz, America's theorist of polygeny

Samuel George Morton, empiricist of polygeny

The case of Indian inferiority : Crania Americana

The case of the Egyptian catacombs : Crania Aegyptiaca

The case of the shifting Black mean

The final tabulation of 1849

Conclusions

The American school and slavery

3. Measuring heads : Paul Broca and the heyday of craniology

The allure of numbers

Introduction

Francis Galton, apostle of quantification

A curtain-raiser with a moral : numbers do not guarantee truth

Masters of cranimoetry : Paul Broca and his school

The great circle route

Selecting characters

Averting anomalies

Big-brained Germans

Small-brained men of eminence

Large-brained criminals

Flaws in a pattern of increase through time

Front and back

The cranial index

The case of the foramen magnum

Women's brains

Postscript

4. Measuring bodies : two case studies on the apishness of undesirables

The ape in all of us : recapitulation

The ape in some of us : criminal anthropology

Atavism and criminality

Animals and savages as born criminals

The stigmata : anatomical, physiological, and social

Lombroso's retreat

The influence of criminal anthropology

Coda

Epilogue.

5. The hereditarian theory of IQ : an American invention

Alfred Binet and the original purposes of the Binet scale

Binet flirts with craniometry

Binet's scale and the birth of IQ

The dismantling of Binet's intentions in America

H.H. Goddard and the menace of the feeble-minded

Intelligence as a Mendelian gene

Goddard identifies the moron

A unilinear scale of intelligence

Breaking the scale into Mendelian compartments

The proper care and feeding (but not breeding) of morons

Preventing the immigration and propagation of morons

Goddard recants

Lewis M. Terman and the mass marketing of innate IQ

Mass testing and the Stanford-Binet

Terman's technocracy of innateness

Fossil IQ's of past geniuses

Terman on group differences

Terman recants

R.M. Yerkes and the army mental tests : IQ comes of age

Psychology's great leap forward

Results of the army tests

A critique of the army mental tests

The content of the tests

Inadequate conditions

Dubious and perverse proceedings : a personal testimony

Finagling the summary statistics : the problem of zero values

Finagling the summary statistics : getting around obvious correlations with environment

Political impact of the army data

Can democracy survive an average mental age of thirteen?

The army test and agitation to restrict immigration : Brigham's monograph of American intelligence

The triumph of restriction on immigration

Brigham recants.

6. The real error of Cyril Burt : factor analysis and the reification of intelligence

The case of Sir Cyril Burt

Correlation, cause, and factor analysis

Correlation and cause

Correlation in more than two dimensions

Factor analysis and its goals

The error of reification

Rotation and the nonnecessity of principal components

Charles Spearman and general intelligence

The two-factor theory

The method of tetrad differences

Spearman's g and the great instauration of psychology

Spearman's g and the theoretical justification of IQ

Spearman's reification of g

Spearman on the inheritance of g

Cyril Burt and the hereditarian synthesis

The source of Burt's uncompromising hereditarianism

Burt's initial "proof" on innateness

Later arguments

Burt's blindness

Burt's political use of innateness

Burt's extension of Spearman's theory

Burt on the reification of factors

Burt and the political uses of g

L.L. Thurstone and the vectors of mind

Thurstone's critique and reconstruction

The egalitarian interpretation of PMA's

Spearman and Burt react

Oblique axes and second-order g

Thurston on the uses of factor analysis

Epilogue : Arthur Jensen and the resurrection of Spearman's g

A final thought

7. A positive conclusion

Debunking a positive science

Learning by debunking

Biology and human nature

Epilogue

Critique of The Bell curve

The Bell curve

Disingenuousness of content

Disingenuousness of argument

Disingenuousness of program

Ghosts of Bell curves past

Three centuries' perspectives on race and racism

Age-old fallacies of thinking and stinking

Racial geometry

The moral state of Tahiti, and of Darwin.