Beginning (Jane Austen, Ford Madox Ford)
The intrusive author (George Eliot, E.M. Forster)
Teenage skaz (J.D. Salinger).
The epistolary novel (Michael Frayn)
Point of view (Henry James)
Mystery (Rudyard KIpling)
Names (David Lodge, Paul Auster)
The stream of consciousness (Virginia Woolf).
Interior monologue (James Joyce)
Defamiliarization (Charlotte Brontë)
The sense of place (Martin Amis)
Lists (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
Introducing a character (Christopher Isherwood).
Surprise (William Makepeace Thackeray)
Time-shift (Muriel Spark)
The reader in the text (Laurence Sterne)
Weather (Jane Austen, Charles Dickens)
Repetition (Ernest Hemingway).
Fancy prose (Vladimir Nabokov) -- Intertextuality (Joseph Conrad) -- The experimental novel (Henry Green) -- The comic novel (Kingsley Amis) -- Magic realism (Milan Kundera) -- Staying on the surface (Malcolm Bradbury) --
Showing and telling (Henry Fielding)
Telling in different voices (Fay Weldon)
A sense of the past (John Fowles)
Imagining the future (George Orwell)
Symbolism (D.H. Lawrence)
Allegory (Samuel Butler).
Coincidence (Henry James)
The unreliable narrator (Kazuo Ishiguro)
The exotic (Graham Greene)
Chapters etc. (Tobias Smollett, Laurence Sterne, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, James Joyce).
The telephone (Evelyn Waugh)
Surrealism (Leonora Carrington) - - Irony (Arnold Bennett)
Motivation (George Eliot)
Duration (Donald Barthelme)
Implication (William Cooper)
The title (George Gissing)
The non-fiction novel (Thomas Carlyle)
The uncanny (Edgar Allan Poe)
Narrative structure (Leonard Michaels)
Ending (Jane Austen, William Golding).
